.

April 30, 2009

The Future of Gaia

How to Think About Science
The Future of Gaia


Forty-years ago British scientist James Lovelock put forward the first elements of what he would come to call the Gaia theory. Named for the ancient Greek goddess of the earth, it held that the earth as a whole functions as a self-regulating system. At first many biologists scoffed. But Lovelock never meant his theory to imply that the Earth is a conscious individual entity - but rather a system (social holon) composed of other systems and individuals (individual holons). Unfortunately much of his work has been distorted by the pre-rational discourses of 'newage' popularizers.

Today, Lovelock’s ideas are more widely accepted, even in circles where he was initially scorned. But even as he has been winning scientific honours, James Lovelock has been growing more pessimistic about the prospects for contemporary civilization.

In this episode of How To Think About Science David Cayley presents a profile of James Lovelock. It tells the story of a career in science that began a long time ago.

LISTEN HERE: Episode 6

April 26, 2009

Ken Wilber’s Critique of Deep Ecology and Eco-Spirituality

Ken Wilber’s Critique of Deep Ecology and Eco-Spirituality

By David Johnson

Few can deny the increasing environmental problems facing the planet and the communities that live on it. Over the last three decades philosophies such as Deep Ecology have arisen looking to present the environmental crises within a spiritual framework. There has also been an increased interest in Earth-based faith traditions.

Philosopher Ken Wilber has been a loud voice in criticism of these approaches. This paper will examine what he has to say about philosophies which are apparently helping people at this time, and some believe are playing a part in solving the problems facing us.

Over the years of my interest in the deep ecology movement and eco-spirituality, I had come across one or two articles making reference to Ken Wilber’s critique of eco-spirituality. Not knowing who he was and comfortable with my engagement with deep ecology/eco-spirituality, I chose not read these articles. However, now more aware of Wilber’s standing within the philosophy world, I feel that his thoughts need to be heard by those drawn to eco-spirituality, and concerned about the environmental problems effecting the planet.

It is with this in mind that I have chosen to research Wilber’s critique for this paper. First I would like to present a background to deep ecology, especially looking at its spiritual implications, before moving onto looking at Wilber’s critique.

Read More: Here

DAVID JOHNSON hold a Masters Degree in Transpersonal Psychology with a concentration in Ecopsychology from Naropa University. He is a practicing Buddhist and lives in Portland, Oregon.

April 24, 2009

Values, Developmental Levels and Natural Design

Theory and Practice of Integral Sustainable Development -- Part 2: Values, Developmental Levels, and Natural Design

By Barrett Brown

This is part two of a two-part paper that offers an overview of Integral Sustainable Development. The entire paper explains the rudiments of a practical framework that integrates the crowded conceptual and operational landscape of sustainable development and enables practitioners to 1) identify the full-range of needs and capabilities of individuals and groups, and 2) tailor the specific developmental response that fits each unique situation. The fundamentals of this framework are four major perspectives (explained in part I) and three waves of natural evolution (part II). The framework maps out and integrates human consciousness and behavior, culture, systems, and the physical environment.

Drawing upon cross-cultural and transdisciplinary studies, as well as data from field researchers, this framework is shown to be vital for a comprehensive and accurate approach to addressing our social, environmental, and economic challenges. Included are introductory analytical tools for practitioners (parts I and II), as well as synopses of current sustainable development initiatives—by organizations such as the UNDP HIV/AIDS Group, and UNICEF Oman—which use the Integral framework.

Read More (PDF): Here

April 23, 2009

Introduction to Integral Ecology

In this video Ken Wilber talks about an integral approach to ecology and environmental movements.


Introduction to Integral Ecology from integral ecology on Vimeo.

April 22, 2009

Celebrating the Planetary Dimensions of Life

Today, as the world continues to slide towards an ecological 'tipping point', nearly a billion people will openly celebrate the 29th incarnation of Earth Day. First launched as an environmental awareness event in the United States in 1970, Earth Day (April 22) is often celebrated as the birth of the environmental movement.

The first Earth Day, spearheaded by Wisconsin Governor Gaylord Nelson and Harvard University student Denis Hayes, involved 20 million participants in teach-ins that addressed then decades of environmental pollution. The event inspired the US Congress to pass clean air and water acts, and establish the Environmental Protection Agency to research and monitor environmental issues and enforce environmental laws.

Mobilizing 200 million people in 141 countries and lifting the status of environmental issues onto the world stage, Earth Day in 1990 gave a huge boost to recycling efforts worldwide and helped pave the way for the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro.

Since then, Earth Day has grown into a global tradition, with annual celebrations by more than a billion people in 180 nations around the world.

Below is a video (featured here before) with Cosmologist Brian Swimme talking about the fundamental challenge of becoming something new, something more, perhaps something integral...



At Integral Praxis we ask you to take time today to celebrate Earth Day by opening your thoughts and feelings to an endless embrace of perfection within this unfolding adventure that is Life. The Earth is more than our home, it is us - the entire kosmos is "i", is "we", it simply is. And our greatest gift will always be the opportunity that each day brings to 'come home' to our own deepest nature - Nature as such.

So celebrate being alive on this exquisite planet, on this day, and open yourself to the most serious responsibility to Love this planet, and to change ourselves, and to deepen and widen our awareness of the power and fragility of this world.

Learn More About Earth Day: Here

April 20, 2009

Integral Psychotherapy

Integral Psychotherapy

By John Rowan

To write a full introduction to this essay, explaining the whole evolutionary approach of Ken Wilber, would be too lengthy and perhaps not necessary. Wilber's basic idea is quite well known by now. It can be found in all of his books. In its simplest form it says that in the process of our psychospiritual development, there are three main stages which we go through, which he labels the prepersonal, the personal and the transpersonal.

The prepersonal is all that part of our development prior to the emergence of a separate self, which normally happens in or around adolescence. It is well described in all the standard literature.

The personal is the main part of our development, taking place in adulthood, and culminating in the mature ego. Most of psychology, and most of other literature too, deals with this stage of development, and again there is a mass of data about it.

The transpersonal is the realm beyond that, which we only reach by an intentional process, because society does not help us with it – at this point there is no escalator taking us onwards, so to speak. It is more controversial, although Maslow started writing about it fifty years ago, but Wilber's great achievement has been to describe it in full detail, and to map it with the help of writers from many countries and many centuries.

Read More: Here

JOHN ROWAN is a founder member of the Association of Humanistic Psychology Practitioners and The Integral Institute. John is a counselor and psychotherapist, working with both individuals and couples, in private practice in north-east London.

April 17, 2009

Climate Change, Migration and Environmental Refugees

As the science of climate change becomes increasingly well understood, the ramifications of projected increases in temperature, changes to rainfall patterns, rises in sea-level and increase in extreme weather events require attention from policy-makers worldwide. This is particularly apparent in relation to migration, refugees and international security, with climate change acting as a threat multiplier to exacerbate existing tensions and instability.

The Institute of Environmental Studies, in conjunction with the Climate Change Research Centre, the Faculty of Law and the Refugee Council of Australia held a public forum at UNSW on these very issues featuring Professor Andy Pitman, Dr Jane McAdam and Anna Samson.

Watch these lectures below:



Visit http://www.ies.unsw.edu.au/ for more details.

April 15, 2009

A Guide For The Academically Perplexed

Integral Education: A Guide For The Academically Perplexed

By Lynne Feldman
"In times of change, learners inherit the Earth, while the learned find themselves beautifully equipped to deal with a world that no longer exists." -- Eric Hoffer
We are indeed in times of change, and at an historical first. All of the world's cultures are now available to us, with the totality of human knowledge open to our study. What an auspicious and robust setting for post-secondary study; how fortunate are the students and the professors who are seeking the experience, wisdom, and patterns of the past for their edification and for those of future generations! Computers proliferate, bringing knowledge to most of the planet, and globalization feeds the desire to access that knowledge. Certainly the universities of the future will thrive in this rich environment.

And yet…the books, articles and reports from our civilization's great centers of learning do not report the feeling of fulfillment of humanity's lust for knowledge. At this extraordinary moment we find instead the grumblings and irritations of educational participants and leaders that indicate more of a feeling of deficiency than of needs finally met.

Read More: Here

April 13, 2009

Tracking Developmental Complexity in Cognition and Culture

I have long held the (unpopular) opinion that individual human development does not capitulate species evolution - at least not entirely, because of symbolic or cultural factors. I would also argue the even more criticized (at least by so-called integralists) opinion that cultural evolution, generally, does not capitulate individual level development. It seems clear to me that human individuals cannot skip 'stages' of development, but social groups can.

For example, social groups can evolve in hybrid ways - such as a tribal, ethnocentric social group adopting complex knowledges, practices and technology (cell phones, blogging, etc) before ever adopting conventional national identities and politics. Put simply, a person can be socialized within life conditions which blend tribal identities with modernist politics and postmodern technology. Therefore the individuals who comprise such a group never have to 'develop' through a 'stage' of pure tribalism, but instead become adult-s within ("skip" directly into) a hybrid sociality with modernist sensibilities.

Briefly, in a related sense, I also argue that it is also quite obvious that conventional-operational level cognition (con-op) is not the same as traditionalist level culture (BLUE vMeme). And the usual 'integral' explaination for this evokes "multiple lines of development". But I do think it is possible for someone to be a conventional-operational thinker and still espouse beliefs or philosophies (cultural content) at much 'higher' levels of sophistication. Hence we find "integral" dogmatists - con-op thinkers - defending 'integral' paradigms. But i digress.

These criticisms have been at the core of my ongoing angst with most Integral Theory, at least as it has so far been presented. [note: Wilber has made some important differentiations/clarifications on these issues (e.g., why a "we" is not an "I") in his most recent work. see: Integral Spirituality, p 149-152]

Below cognitive scientist Merlin Donald pulls apart some of the most interesting conceptual entanglements surrounding notions of individual development and human evolution. He explains with his usual scientific rigor why development and evolution are not the same process. Enjoy.
The Virtues of Rigorous Interdisciplinarity

by Merlin Donald

Evolution is one thing, and development is quite another. They involve a different kind of dynamic, and their empirical methodologies are far apart. But, on the other hand, they also have important areas of overlap, especially in the domain of theory.

This is due to the fact that both evolution and development use time as an organizational and exploratory principle. Only temporal analysis can reveal the details of emergent structure and dynamic processes. This is especially important in the case of human cognition, which defies reduction to a static model.

Cognitive processes unfold on two time scales, the first (development) measured with fractions of a single lifetime, and the other (evolution) measured in multiples of many lifetimes. Evolution is ruled by mechanisms that are distinct from those that govern development; the former act on entire populations, whereas the latter act on individual organisms. However there are direct linkages between evolution and development.

Development processes are subject to natural selection, and development must be an integral component of any comprehensive theory of evolution. Evolutionary theories must be compatible with development facts, because it is the developing organism in the real world that undergoes evolutionary change.

There is a feed back loop from development to evolution...
Read More (PDF): Here

April 11, 2009

Conscious Spirit and Evolution

Below is a post from Bill Harryman, dated June, 2005, on the possibility of an "integral" perspective on kosmic evolution. Bill is one of our all-time favorite bloggers, and a great example of someone who truly attempts to embody the positive synthesis of physical, emotional and intellectual health. His work (thru blogs and poetry and..) expresses a truly holistic sensibility rarely found on today's ever expanding internet.

In this post, Bill makes a great distinction between what should be taught in science classrooms (e.g., empirical science) and what can be explored through high school humanities courses. When creationists or other crypto-religious critics of evolutionary science argue for a "wider view" of the history of the Kosmos, they do so based on a confused and under-critical understanding of the inherent differences between empirical methods (and knowledge) and other kinds of knowing, interpreting and discourse.

A truly more sophisticated and "wider" perspective includes many methods and perspectives, each allowed to operate based within their own validity domains - and explicitly attempts to get at both broad (holistic) and narrow (analytic) understandings of living complexity. Thus, as Bill argues, humanities teaching (e.g., religious studies) can complement science (e.g., biology), simply because they address different aspects (perspectives) of the same integrated world.

And this is not to say that we agree with everything Wilber has to say about the nature of evolution, because we do not; only that however the Kosmos is unfolding, it certainly is part of Spirit's universal way.

From Integral Options Cafe:
On Evolution

by William Harryman

The following quotes attempt to articulate an integral view of evolution -- not the mere flatland view of scientific evolution, which is devoid of Spirit, but evolution as the unfolding of Spirit becoming conscious of itself. All quotes are from the books of Ken Wilber and are cited according to their place in the Collected Works (with individual book titles noted where appropriate). A brief commentary follows.
Evolution is best thought of as Spirit-in-action, God-in-the-making, where Spirit unfolds itself at every stage of development, thus manifesting more of itself, and realizing more of itself, at every unfolding. Spirit is not some particular stage, or some favorite ideology, or some specific god or goddess, but rather the entire process of unfolding itself, an infinite process that is completely present at every finite stage, but becomes more available to itself with evolutionary opening.
--CW 7: A Brief History of Everything, p. 61.
Read More: Here>

April 9, 2009

The Logic of Human Destiny?

Although we certainly have some issues with Robert Wright's 'primitive' understanding of historical emergence (i.e., the simplicity and linearity of his cultural stage conception), we recommend his books and believe integral enthusiasts would take a much more open and critical approach when sifting through his many speculative evaluations.

Below Wright describes his views on human emergence and the 'logic' of civilizational evolution:
The Logic of Human Destiny

By Robert Wright

One way to describe my book NONZERO is as an exercise in natural theology. I examine the whole history of our species--from the primordial ooze to the world wide web--and then ask whether that history shows any evidence of higher purpose. The first four paragraphs of the book's introduction set out my agenda pretty straightforwardly. Here they are:

The Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg once ended a book on this note: "The more the universe seems comprehensible, the more it also seems pointless." Far be it from me to argue with a great physicist about how depressing physics is. For all I know, Weinberg's realm of expertise, the realm of inanimate matter, really does offer no evidence of higher purpose. But when we move into the realm of animate matter--bacteria, cellular slime molds, and, most notably, human beings--the situation strikes me as different. The more closely we examine the drift of biological evolution and, especially, the drift of human history, the more there seems to be a point to it all. Because in neither case is "drift" really the right word. Both of these processes have a direction, an arrow. At least, that is the thesis of this book.

People who see a direction in human history, or in biological evolution, or both, have often been dismissed as mystics or flakes. In some ways, it's hard to argue that they deserve better treatment. The philosopher Henri Bergson believed that organic evolution is driven forward by a mysterious "elan vital," a vital force. But why posit something so ethereal when we can explain evolution's workings in the wholly physical terms of natural selection? Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, the Jesuit theologian, saw human history moving toward "Point Omega." But how seriously could he expect historians to take him, given that Point Omega is "outside Time and Space"?

On the other hand, you have to give Bergson and Teilhard de Chardin some credit. Both saw that organic evolution has a tendency to create forms of life featuring greater and greater complexity. And Teilhard de Chardin, in particular, stressed a comparable tendency in human history: the evolution, over the millennia, of ever more vast and complex social structures. His extrapolations from this trend were prescient. Writing at the middle of this century, he dwelt on telecommunications, and the globalization it abets, before these subjects were all the rage. (Marshall McLuhan, coiner of "global village," had read Teilhard.) With his concept of the "noosphere," the "thinking envelope of the Earth," Teilhard even anticipated in a vague way the Internet--more than a decade before the invention of the microchip.
Read More: Here

ROBERT WRIGHT is a science journalist, author and Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation. His books and essays frequently appear in major magazines and on the New York Times bestseller list.

April 7, 2009

How Will Evolution Change Humans?

From Scientific America:
How Will Evolution Change Humans?

By Peter Ward

Contrary to popular belief, humans continue to evolve. Our bodies and brains are not the same as our ancestors' were—or as our descendants' will be.

People commonly assume that our species has evolved very little since prehistoric times. Yet new studies using genetic information from populations around the globe suggest that the pace of human evolution increased with the advent of agriculture and cities. If we are still evolving, what might our species look like in a millennium should we survive whatever environ­mental and social surprises are in store for us? Specu­la­tion ranges from the hopeful to the dystopian.

When you ask for opinions about what future humans might look like, you typically get one of two answers. Some people trot out the old science-fiction vision of a big-brained human with a high forehead and higher intellect. Others say humans are no longer evolving physically—that technology has put an end to the brutal logic of natural selection and that evolution is now purely cultural.

The big-brain vision has no real scientific basis. The fossil record of skull sizes over the past several thousand generations shows that our days of rapid increase in brain size are long over. Accordingly, most scientists a few years ago would have taken the view that human physical evolution has ceased. But DNA techniques, which probe genomes both present and past, have unleashed a revolution in studying evolution; they tell a different story. Not only has Homo sapiens been doing some major genetic reshuffling since our species formed, but the rate of human evolution may, if anything, have increased. In common with other organisms, we underwent the most dramatic changes to our body shape when our species first appeared, but we continue to show genetically induced changes to our physiology and perhaps to our behavior as well. Until fairly recently in our history, human races in various parts of the world were becoming more rather than less distinct. Even today the conditions of modern life could be driving changes to genes for certain behavioral traits.

If giant brains are not in store for us, then what is? Will we become larger or smaller, smarter or dumber? How will the emergence of new diseases and the rise in global temperature shape us? Will a new human species arise one day? Or does the future evolution of humanity lie not within our genes but within our technology, as we augment our brains and bodies with silicon and steel? Are we but the builders of the next dominant intelligence on the earth—the machines?
Read More: Here

April 3, 2009

Origins Symposium

We just became aware of an amazing symposium on the origins and evolution of the universe, life and consciousness at the Arizona State University. Beginning today, The Science Network and ASU are hosting the Origins Symposium – which brings top experts from around the world together to discuss some of the most intriguing questions of our time.

From The Science Network:
The ASU Origins Symposium - April 3-6, 2009

The Origins Symposium will inaugurate the new Origins Initiative at ASU. In partnership with The Science Network, this unprecedented event will bring together 70 of the world's leading scientists and scholars, including 8 Nobel Laureates, and the world's pre-eminent scientific public intellectuals, for three days of panels directed at exploring important outstanding research questions, and will be capped by several remarkable associate activities, including a full day of public lectures and panels at the 3000 seat Gammage Auditorium on ASU's Tempe campus.
Watch the Live Webcasts: : Here

April 2, 2009

Cultural Influence on Individual Stages

A Brief Opinion Regarding Integral Theory for Latin America

By Giorgio Piacenza

Quite often it is loosely assumed that the ways individuals develop in the U.S. is essentially the same way people basically develop in other parts of the world but that may not be exactly the case. Although I think that the main tenets of Integral Theory appear to be logically sound, foundational and broadly adequate to function as the most comprehensive theory in the making, I also see that, by and large, the activists and intellectuals that support or challenge the Theory apparently come from the same self validating, sub cultural network of post humanist, Buddhist-no dual, green-oriented, First World, American individualists, partly influenced by a long history of distinctions between conservative protestant and liberal ideological struggles within a territory in which native Americans were –for the most part-secluded and non assimilated. Although, as a student at JFKU and as a member of Integral Institute, I attest that there's a general willingness among Integral theorists to be intellectually honest and, nonetheless, as an observing foreign-born person striding between two cultures, I must say that there are certain inadequate assumptions due to the blinding projections of cultural bias.

As a sociologist and as a Latin American (Peruvian) student of Integral Theory, I notice that a majority of people in Latin American countries do not seem to follow the developmental pattern which is apparently expected by orthodox followers of the Theory and -by all means- this needs to be taken into account more seriously if we expect to develop the most germane theoretical model in relation to great swaths of human experience. The less advanced magical-into- mythical pre Hispanic stage of the Inca Empire was partially suppressed, scrambled and combined with a more advanced Western mythical-into-modern stage leaving a compromise with less strict boundaries and values.

Nowadays, convenience seeking, pragmatic behavior alongside with a half-hearted use of modern rationalist tactics amidst relativist, post modern ethics that merges well with the interpretations of red selfishness seem to profusely coexist in the cauldrons of Latin American urban centers alongside with greater or lesser attachments to mythic and magical beliefs.

Today, very few individuals (except perhaps for those in older generations and in the most isolated rural places) show solidly mythic, amber characteristics or purer pre mythic ones. Also, very few Peruvians nowadays behave under strongly coherent pre modern, modern or post modern cultural codes. Our historical processes heavily defined by the simultaneously biased (and probably schizoid) cultural and political inclusion and exclusion of native populations have ensured the superficiality and incompleteness of our general acculturation and, in my view, non isolated, semi acculturated people do not follow a clear-cut sequence of the developmental stages as apparently expected by followers of orthodox Integral Theory.

Read More: Here

GIORGIO PIACENZA is a sociology student in the Certificate program leading to a Master's degree in Integral Theory at JFK University.
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